PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS

Galbe, Mats ; Zacchi, Guido

Resumo:

Bioethanol has been introduced in large scale in Brazil, the US and some European countries and is projected to be one of the dominating renewable biofuels in the transportation sector within the coming 20 years. At present bioethanol is produced almost solely from either sugar – or starch-based raw materials (e.g, cane sugar, corn, wheat etc) often called first generation (1G) bioethanol. However, it is a general opinion that future expansion has to be based on bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials, i.e. second-generation (2G) bioethanol such as agricultural residues (e.g. wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, corn stover) and forest residues (e.g. sawdust, thinning rests), as well as from dedicated crops (salix, switch grass). These raw materials are sufficiently abundant and also available world-wide. They generate very low net greenhouse gas emissions, thus reducing environmental impacts. To achieve systems that are economic and sustainable it is necessary to efficiently utilize all parts of the raw materials, mainly cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. This requires a high overall yield of ethanol produced by hydrolysis and fermentation of the carbohydrate fraction (hemicellulose and cellulose), as well as a high yield of the main co-product (lignin). Another option is to utilize the hemicellulose for other products like biogas. However, producing monomer sugars from cellulose and hemicellulose at high yields is far more difficult than deriving sugars from sugar – or starch-containing crops, e.g. sugarcane or corn. Therefore, the conversion process for lignocellulosic materials is more complex than are the other two processes. Ethanol production from lignocellulose comprises the following main steps: hydrolysis of hemicellulose, hydrolysis of cellulose, fermentation, separation of lignin, recovery and concentration of ethanol and wastewater handling, see Figure 1. A process based on enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation is currently regarded as the most promising option for the conversion of carbohydrates in lignocellulosic materials into ethanol in an energyefficient way, resulting in high yields and low production cost1, 2. The enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation can either be run separately (SHF) or combined into a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF). The latter has been shown to result in higher ethanol yields than does SHF. Some of the most important factors to reduce the production cost are: efficient utilization of the raw material by high ethanol yields, high productivity, high ethanol concentration in the feed to distillation and process integration in order to reduce capital cost and energy demand. The key steps for success are the conversion steps, i.e. pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation (or SSF) of all sugars. It is also crucial to have a highly integrated process working at high consistency to minimize the energy demand in the downstream processing, e.g. distillation and evaporation. Pilotscale production plants and pre-commercial demonstration facilities have recently been brought into operation in several places world-wide3, 4, 5, 6. However, the process concept has not yet been demonstrated on an industrial scale.

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DOI: 10.5151/9788521208228-SUGARCANEBIOETHANOL_59

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Como citar:

GALBE, Mats; ZACCHI, Guido; "PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS", p. 697-716. Sugarcane bioethanol — R&D for Productivity and Sustainability. São Paulo: Blucher, None.
ISBN: 9788521208228, DOI 10.5151/9788521208228-SUGARCANEBIOETHANOL_59